Free Market Definition Economics Essay

Free Market Definition Economics Essay Market Definition The level to which it is important to carry out analysis of market definition in retail sector will depend upon the competition being analysed. In particular, if the focus of a competition is a monopoly situation, the main reason for analysing the market structure at the retail level will be to observe whether the retailers are likely to enter upstream themselves or bargain away any monopoly rents. For this case comprehensive definition retailer market is unlikely to be needed. There are two ways of defining market. Supply side substantiality and demand side substantiality. The supply side substantiality looks at the expected behaviour of suppliers in response to price rise. For example, if suppliers of product A can easily move to a relevant market for B when Bs prices rises, then the suppliers are in relevant market for A, because the monopolist seller will not be able to sustain a rise in price, meaning that As price constrained by these suppliers. The other market definition is b ased on consumer response to price rise. For example, if consumers are willing to substitute product F for product G when product G price rises, then F is in relevant market for G, because the market dominant of product G would not be able to sustain a rise in price meaning that G price is sustained by product F. United Kingdom is dominated by large multiple supermarket chains Their size, visibility and influence have made them the focus of much attention. Below is a summary of the market structure; Sales of drinks and food account for 65% of the total. Non- food grocery and non-grocery sales are becoming increasingly every passing financial year. Non- groceries account for of sales that are made in superstores and supermarkets. The large part of the remainder is accounted for by convenience retailing, with 7% of that being accounted by the traditional retailers. Sales through UK grocery outlets generates a revenue of up to 120 billion pounds which represent half of all the sales valued at 240 billion Euros which includes 13% of total household expenditure. Profit margins of the main supermarkets ranged between 2-4 % in the year 2004/5. In UK Tesco is currently the leading grocery store with commanding and market share of 30% share of the non convenience UK grocery market. During the late 20th century, Tesco and Sainsbury enjoyed similar market shares of between 20-25%, nut since then Sainsbury have lost to Tesco. Most of the multiple growths have been organic, with the excepti on Morrisons after attaining acquisition back in 2003. In 1999, Wal-Mart acquired ASDA, the world largest retailer. In recent studies shows that Tesco has the largest market share in majority of Britains districts and in the rest is usually the second. Tesco largest market share are in Inverness holding 51% and in Milton Keynes with a share of 50%. Consequently in areas that Tesco dominates its second rival is up close showing stiff competition. Convenience retailing is consolidating The large supermarkets and stores have began to compete strongly in this market share. For example, (Sainsbury, Tesco)have merged with existing stores and chains. While doing so, they are increasing market share by opening new stores and providing better service within those newly opened branches. The merging have resulted from the need to develop economies of scale, opportunities to reduce costs and increase sales by applying best practise to these new supermarkets and finally the need to acquire best quality supermarkets. The supermarkets are well sited, well stoked and attractive which are ideally placed to meet consumer needs for on the move shopping and for top ups. The imbalance of bargaining power that exists between supermarkets and their suppliers fosters abusive practises. The abuses are financial in nature and they tend to create uncertainty for suppliers. The main abuses which the suppliers face are enlisted below. The supermarkets require the suppliers to be on the list of suppliers which add extra costs to the supplier and the risk of stocking new products are passed to the suppliers. The suppliers are faced with the threat of de-listing if they deny honouring the reduction of prices or making other payments and concessions. These types of threats create uncertainty, inhibit their ability to plan and weaken their bargaining power of their products. The supermarkets charge slotting fees which add extra costs to the supplier and consequently the risk of stocking is passed to the supplier. The supermarkets are practising unethical business practises by demanding extra discounts or payments from the suppliers, which the supermarkets argue that the extra charges are for packaging, remodelling and retailer initiated promotions, this has got impacts to the supplier for the unexpected expenditure. The supermarkets do not only stop there but they proceed by demanding retrospective payments or after sale rebates which result in deducting a particular percentage of the total sales of a particular supplier for that year, compensating for profit margins being less than expected. Failure of sales of the products the supermarkets return the unsold goods to the suppliers, these results to the forecasting errors passed back to the supplier. The supermarkets and chain stores make late payments to the suppliers which have already been delivered and sold, adversely affecting suppliers cash flow therefore leading to additional costs and uncertainty over how many the suppliers will be pa id. Retrospective discounts on agreed terms and prices, changes to quantity, unscheduled promotions or to outsell rivals puts the suppliers profits under pressure, or distorting consumers perceptions of product value and may result to demands for lower prices from other customers. Prices of goods in supermarkets are lower than the prices of the same goods in non supermarket outlets, and the completion authorities see consumers ability to obtain lower prices, at least in shorter as beneficial. If the consumer prices are lowered to unsustainable levels, then for shorter supplies will go down so that buying prices and later retail prices will have to increase. Lowering of prices on the long run may have negative impacts on the retail prices. If the suppliers prices are lowered by the supermarkets, will cause the suppliers to be less viable but in the short run the retail prices will drop, but when it is a long term practise there will be reduced supply resulting to buying prices to hike leading to retail prices to increase and having impacts on the quantity and range. These impacts the consumers in that they will have to adjust to their normal buying habits and shift their consumption quantity or spend more on the same product. This affects the choice they make a nd their perceptions of what might constitute detriment. On April 1999, Stephen Byers published the completion commission report on the supply of grocery from multiple stores. From my review of the competition commission I can say that taking all matters into consideration, the commissioner are satisfied that the industry will undergo broadly competitive and that no excessive profits are earned or overall excessive prices are not being charged. The general profitability of the supermarkets had been decreasing before the publishing of the competition commission whilst to its publication and enforcement the profitability has been increasing since then. Since its enactment, there have tremendous changes in the industry, the competition commission has resulted to entry of Wal-Matt which is a notable remark and a number of price cuts which have boosted the general saving of the consumers and have saved them a proximate of 1 billion Euros. From my own opinion I believe that for a perfect market share, competitive market is the best way of securi ng a good deal of customers. From recent observations, the grocery industry is broadly competitive and i recommend the competition commission to be enacted as a law of the land. Since the commission was passed, the relationship between supermarket chains and their suppliers have changed since they are guided by the code practise which puts the suppliers and the supermarket on clearer and more predictable terms. Since then the voluntary code has been abolished that was in adequate and did not bind by the law. The competition commission has also resolved a different problem which was persistent selling of the supermarkets of products below the costs or price flexing. The commission did so by proposing that the supermarkets need not to take actions on the price flexing because the options available would have negative impacts to the consumer buying habits and would be a disproportionate problem to the supermarkets. The following changes have occurred in that retailers should ensure that the standards of terms are documented in which they do business. The supermarkets are required to give prior notice to the suppliers if the terms of conditions need to change. The suppliers are paid on time (specified time) this has saved most suppliers any unwanted expense and cost and created an assurance that they are paid. The supermarkets and stores should give suppliers practical notice of any intentions to change the price that had been previously agreed upon and that the supermarkets have abolished the unethical practise of requesting retrospective discounts or over rider. The repackaging, designing costs are now a burden to the chain stores and should not be transferred to the suppliers. After the commission was passed supermarkets are required to notify the suppliers of any changes in volume order, changes in any of supply chain procedures, changes in the specification of the products and the chain sho uld compensate the suppliers for any loss acquired due to lack of notifications.

Professional Guidelines On Presenting Quality Work

Professional Guidelines On Presenting Quality Work Many students lack knowledge of how to make a process analysis essay. However, you do not need to struggle only to submit low standard content, rely on us, and we will assist you. We are a company with a wide range of professionals who are also specialists in their field of study. We have been in existence for the past five years, and we have, therefore gathered quality staff and trained them on how to serve our customers. Most of them are graduates, masters, and Ph.D. holders. They are well equipped with skills on process essay handling and can meet your academic goals. Make your order now, and stand a chance to enjoy the following benefits: Quality papers Everybody values quality work. For students, quality helps in boosting academic performance and improving skills in future tasks. With the heavy workloads in school and tight schedules, students hardly have time to research and write quality work. 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Semester assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Semester - Assignment Example In the current study, this film has been analyzed in terms of various human resource policies and practices that have been applied or showcased as several instances. The film has portrayed various events of human resource activities. The first instance is when Chris Gardener was travelling with one of the managers of the company, Dean Witter. Here the manager was impressed with Chris as he was able to solve the Rubik’s Cube within the short ride; this specifically highlights the recruitment and selection process. Another instance foregrounding employee relations was when Chris Gardener entered his office with unkempt look and in shabby clothes. Here the conversation of Chris with his managers as well as his tactical way of defending himself can be evaluated. The training and development process is stressed on during the internship process, where Chris Gardener had to face stiff competition from nineteen other interns. The internship also highlights the compensation policies followed during the late 18th century. Recruitment and selection process is one of the major components or functions of human resource department. This basically involves selecting the right person, at the right time, at the right place and for the right job. It involves identification of organizational needs and fulfilling those needs by selecting right candidates. The recruitment and selection process is vast and varies across sectors, industries, organizations as well as nations. Selection and recruitment process is an inevitable part of an organization’s HR policy. Firstly, firms need to constantly promote their employees to a higher level and simultaneously fill the vacant positions. Modern day organizations not only require ground level staffs and employees, but also management executives for decision making and strategic planning process (Kelly, et al. 162-165). In the film, the selection process was

Physical Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Physical Chemistry - Lab Report Example Technically, incorporation of lead into the brass increases the mechanical properties the alloy. On the other hand, substantial concentration of copper imparts germicidal and antimicrobial properties into the brass alloyi. In laboratory settings, methods used to quantitatively determine the amounts of heavy elements in alloys include Gravimetric analysis, Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, and Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy among others. Each of these quantitative determination methods possesses particular advantages, setbacks, and accuracy and precision levels. In the experiment, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to measure the amounts of lead and copper in brass. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a versatile quantitative technique capable of analyzing presence of over 70 elements. Technically, this technique functions by exploiting the atomization properties in form of electronic transition of elements’ atoms in gaseous phases. After atomization, light absorption level of atoms is detected and Beer’s law of absorbance vs. concentration is used to determine the quantity of analytes in the atomized samples. Besides Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy, the experiment employed Gravimetric analysis in the determination of lead in brass. Despite being one of the oldest methods in quantitative analysis, the gravimetric technique remains accurate and precise when used for determination of metals with insoluble salts like lead. Finally, the experiment employed Anodic Stripping Voltammetry in determination of copper. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry relies on the electric conductivity of analytes, and is specifically suited for quantitative analysis of minute traces of heavy metalsii. Subsequent sections of this lab report contain procedural steps, results and discussions pertaining to application of the three aforementioned quantitative determination techniques. Based on theoretical procedures provided, stock solutions of unknown brass,

Stock Price Increases in 1990s Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stock Price Increases in 1990s - Case Study Example However the sharp price increases in the stocks might have been the result of factors like irrational over-enthusiasm on the part of the investors, lower interest rates and higher level of savings by the middle-class and the consequent increase in their investment in stocks. Apart from these reasons, the relationship between the earnings increase and the stock price increase was negligible. Hence the expectations of the large investors in their setting higher target levels on the return on capital employed from those firms in which they held the investments on the assumption that the share price increases would automatically increase the earnings would hold no ground. While the factors responsible for the share price increase are totally different from the performance of these companies it would be illogical to expect the managements of the large companies to service their shareholders with larger returns on the capital employed based on the share price performances. With this backgr ound this paper examines the rationale behind the statement that during the 1990s, nearly all FTSE 100 and S&P 500 companies failed to reach pre and post-tax return on capital employed targets set by large investors and the managements of the giant firms during 1990s should be considered responsible for the mediocre return of capital employed as well as the moderate growth of sales of their firm in spite of the higher stock prices. 2.0 Reasons for Stock Price Increases: As outlined earlier the stock price increases during the 1990s were caused by factors like "Irrational Exuberance' on the part of the investors, declining interest rates and higher level of stock market investments out of savings by the middle classes. The signs of greater economic stability prevalent during the period convinced both the business managers and the investors to take extra risks which later resulted in both positive and negative consequences. Let us analyse the reasons for the increase in the share prices. 1. Irrational Exuberance on the part of the investors: Coined and used by the Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan as a word of caution against the repercussions of the stock market boom, denotes a warning that the market might have been overvalued and a natural consequence, slumps in the prices of the stock was inevitable. "The term "irrational exuberance" is often used to describe a heightened state of speculative fervor." (Robert J Shiller 2000) Irrational exuberance is defined by Shiller (2000) as the psychological basis of a speculative bubble. The speculative bubble on the other hand is the situation where the potential investors are lured by stories justifying the share price increases, who irrespective of their doubts about the real value of the assets continue to invest in the stocks. This luring is also partly due to the excitement created by such investments which resemble gambling and partly owing to the envy of the investors on the others' successes. This might be the main reason for the stock market boom that the world witnessed during the 1990s. 2. Declining Interest Rates: One of the other reasons, though not major, that was attributed to the share

German and UK Approaches to Immigration

German and UK Approaches to Immigration Over the last number of decades, migration into the EU has become a key phenomenon. According to figures from the OECD, towards the end of the 20th century an estimated figure in the region of 20 million migrants where living in the EU. That accounted for 5.3% of the total population. That figure has grown to 7.3% in 2003. These migrant movements come from various backgrounds. Many factors including political instability, media, and transport services, demographic and economic development have led to greater migration into the EU. The large influx of immigrants to the UK from India and Pakistan in the 1960s resulted in educational and cultural diversity policies to develop. In the 20th century EU countries have not intentionally â€Å"set out to build a multicultural society†. What we mean by a multicultural society is a â€Å"society consisting of many cultural or ethnic groups sharing the same space†. There are many economic and political reasons which lead to both a long term and a short term migration into the EU. Countries that saw a huge influx of migrants from neighbouring countries faced â€Å"similar challenges with regard to integration†. There was no one system by which these countries set out a list of policies to accommodate these migrants, but each â€Å"developed a different approach†. In this paper I will discuss the difference between two major countries when it comes to dealing with immigrants. These two countries/states are Germany and the United Kingdom. Each country will have its point of view when it comes to: education systems for both, children and adult migrants, employment systems, how they accommodated their religious beliefs. I have decided to not to generalise the EU as a whole, but chose countries that I feel have had different approach to immigrants. All countries adhere to basic democratic values and human rights; they are also submitted to the same European Courts of Justice. By their very logic these values and rights cannot be restricted to citizens, but must generally be granted to non-citizens. The migrants have the same rights as the autochthonous, except political rights in the narrow sense. They are entitled to the same civil, economic and social rights. This was seen in the 1955 Treaty between Germany and Italy which gave the Italian workers the same conditions of pay, health insurance, unemployment and pension benefits.†Ã¢â‚¬  Germany never defined itself as a country of immigration. This ambiguous stance has been reflected in its approach towards the integration of immigrants.† The main migrant groups in Germany are â€Å"Guestworkers† who entered Germany between 1950 and 9175. Their immigration was considered temporary and there was â€Å"no need for integration†. The second group were â₠¬Å"Ethnic Germans from eastern Europe†. These immigrants are of German origin. Immigrants who had â€Å"German ancestors. Education A study carried out by the Economic Cooperation and Development in Germany on the 15th of May 2006 show that German schools have failed when it comes to â€Å"educating immigrant children†. The study compared the native German students to those what we consider â€Å"first-generation immigrants† between 18 countries, one of which is Germany. The results were quite unsettling as the OECD showed that, students born outside of Germany â€Å"perform well below the average first-generation immigrants† in the list of countries surveyed. This was not the first time that Germany’s education system was criticised. In 2000, Program for International student Assessment (PISA) carried out a survey in which Germany was placed in the â€Å"bottom third of industrialised nations surveyed†. The next day the results were made public. Annette Schavan, the minister of Education requested â€Å"for money to be spent on schools†. Annette quoted saying â€Å"we a lso need a new funding concept†. Policies were taken to ensure the development of better education system for first and second generation children in Germany. In July 12th 2007, Chancellor Angela Merkel revealed the National Integration Plan. â€Å"This plan will provide local and state officials with a federal framework for conducting immigrant integration programs†. The NIP highlighted better â€Å"educational opportunities† for first and second generation youth. It ensured that more immigrants â€Å"enter the upper educational tracks†. In contrast, the UK has shown surprisingly very different results. Surveys also carried out by the OECD showed that first and second generation immigrant students have â€Å"on average higher levels of education† when compared to native students. However, these â€Å"educational advantages† have not resulted in successful employment for these immigrants. In fact, the gap in terms of employment for both groups is â€Å"quite dramatic† despite the fact that the same system of education is provided for both immigrants and â€Å"white natives†. When it comes to education in the UK, they have noticed that minority â€Å"children do in fact acquire a good knowledge of the English language from their peers outside school as well as from listening to their teachers†. Despite that the education system was altered slightly, whether it’s taking a decision to hold a child a year back in order to improve his English, so as to be prepared for 2nd level edu cation or the addition of extra English classes. In Ireland, a similar method was used. Employment As mentioned in the introduction, the majority of immigrants in the UK in the 1960s were from India and Pakistan. Study carried out by the LFS which compares â€Å"British born ethnic minorities and white natives† showed that the majority of immigrants were able to attain jobs. This was great news but there was one problem which the UK faced and that was: the difference between male and female minorities being employed is quite big. Figures show that more female women are being employed then to that of males. The UK had to take action in order to resolve the issue. The LFS found out that the main reason for this was that most immigrants have â€Å"remarkably strong educational backgrounds†. Figures also show that employment â€Å"probabilities of Pakistanis† male was as low as 23%. The labour market in the UK was described as a â€Å"bleak picture†. The chances of male workers attaining jobs are very low. To resolve the issue, new English language schools was set up by the government to balance these figures. In 2001, the LFS showed that such action was very successful as the ratio of male to female was balanced. In recent years the labour market in Germany for the integration of immigrants was quite similar to that of the natives. But Germany faced the opposite problem to that of the UK. Female immigrants had very low employment rates. The Turkish female immigrants, â€Å"stand out as having particularly low rates of well below 40%. Germany faced â€Å"economic stagnation† in the early 1990s. There was large decrease in immigrant employment when compared to nationals. Figures show that in 1990 there was a 10% decline in immigrant employment as opposed to 3% decline in natives being unemployed. Unlike the UK, the increase in unemployment for immigrants was not because of education but because of economic crisis. In order to rebalance the figures, a very different approach was taken. Germany had to take economic and political decisions. There was no action to limit the number of immigrants aloud into Germany but instead policies were more focused on international trade and attracting m ultinational companies. Between 1998 and 2000, the survey carried out by the LFS showed that there was a 12% increase in foreigners being employed. Religion Many people consider Germany as a â€Å"diverse country†. Many also anticipate that it will become increasingly so over time. In 2006, there was what was considered a â€Å"social cohesion† as such that German politicians â€Å"began to perceive hostility toward Muslims†. The PFRPL (Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life) ran a survey which showed that there are approximately 4.5 million Muslims living in Germany. This accounted for 5.1% of the population in 2013. The German society is a â€Å"homogenous† one. Racism is still pervasive in Germany. The image of Muslims after the September 11 has deteriorated as such Muslim religious believers has â€Å"trickled into the German national public dialogue† or in German Diskurs-Raum. There was a study carried by the University of Munster in 2010 found that Germans have a â€Å"worse perception of adherents of non-Christian religions† then any European country. Aggressive of violent attack on Muslims were expressed on Mosques and Muslim people. In oder to deal with this, Angela Merkel â€Å"initiated an integration summit† which opens the door for Germans to understand and learn about other religions and diversity. Many studies and research provided the natives with fact about Muslims in order to avoid any potential threats. There are over 1.1 million Muslims in the UK in 2001. This figure has tripled over the last decade to an astonishing 3.5 million within a decade. The Muslims have been very well accepted in the UK to a stage that there are now over â€Å"85 Islamic Sharia courts†. The British law accepted the Sharia Principles. There are over 110 mosques in the UK. The Muslim population has multiplied â€Å"10 times faster than the rest of the society over the last decade†. Conclusion In my opinion both societies have succeeded in converging with migrants. The education systems were altered slightly in both countries to accommodate migrant children as well as adults. Although I think the suggested approach to allow the cultures to â€Å"coexist† would truly show that the societies in the UK have accepted the migrant culture. Regarding the religious beliefs, the UK seem to have a slight advantage it terms of give the Muslims a sense of power. Many mosques in UK are involved in political debates as well as the fact that, some we’ll know politicians are Muslims. In Germany, there were no barriers when it comes to having permission to build mosques. A very high figure of 2,200 religious organisations shows that Germany has accommodated the religious beliefs of migrants. When it comes to employment, again both countries have provided the migrants with suitable jobs even though they might have had problems due to the lack of the native language. Overall most European societies have converged with the migrants. Reference Migration and Social Integration of Migrants 2003, Luxembourg, accessed 11 February 2014, http://www.oi.acime.gov.pt Steven vertovec / SuSanne WeSSendorf. 2004. Assessing the backlash against multiculturalism in Europe. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mmg.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/wp/WP_09-04_Vertovec-Wessendorf_backlash.pdf May, Stephen, 2001. Multiculturalism and education in Britain: an internally contested debate. International Journal of Educational research, [Online]. 35, 305-317. Available at: http://www.tariqmodood.com/uploads/1/2/3/9/12392325/multiculturalism_education_britain.pdf . Spiegel. 2006. Integration and Education: Immigrants in Germany Falling Behind. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.spiegel.de/international/integration-and-education-immigrants-in-germany-falling-behind-a-416429.html. Eric Leise. 2007. Germany Strives to Integrate Immigrants with New Policies. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=610. Dustmann,C. and Theodoropoulos, N. 2010. ETHNIC MINORITY IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR CHILDREN IN BRITAIN .Oxford Economic Paper, [Online]. 62, 1-24. Available at:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctpb21/Cpapers/SubmissionOEP_June.pdf Bmfsfj. 2001. Family policy challenges in the organisation of migration and integration. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bmfsfj.de/RedaktionBMFSFJ/Broschuerenstelle/Pdf-Anlagen/PRM-23893-Broschure-Integration-von-Fami,property=pdf,bereich=bmfsfj,sprache=de,rwb=true. Thomas Liebig. 2007. The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.oecd.org/els/38163889. Naika Foroutan. 2013. Identity and (Muslims) Integration in Germany. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/TCM-Germanycasestudy.pdfSoeren Kern. 2011. Britain vs. Muslim Immigration. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/2056/britain-vs-muslim-immigration

Lets Put an End to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay

We Must Put an End to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Without animal research, cures for such diseases as typhoid, diphtheria, and polio might never have existed. Without animal research, the development of antibiotics and insulin would have been delayed. Without animal research, many human beings would now be dead. However, because of animal testing, 200,000 dogs, 50,000 cats, 60,000 primates, 1.5 million hamsters, and uncounted millions of rats and mice are experimented upon and die each year, as living fodder for the great human scientific machine. Some would say that animal research is an integral part of progress; unfortunately, this is often true. On the whole, animal testing is a necessary evil that should be reduced and eliminated whenever possible. Since the time of Aristotle, animals have been used to further human progress. When Galen pioneered the study of anatomy or when Harvey discovered the circulation of blood, they used animals as a vital portion of their work. Why? Because at the time there was no alternative short of testing on human beings, an option very few would morally accept then or even now. Throughout all of human history, the pattern has remained the same—human technological and scientific progress has always involved testing on animals. Without that testing, modern medicine would be a shadow of what it is today. Many modern procedures stem directly from testing with animals. In addition, doctors and surgeons receive much of their training with the living tissues of animals. Computer simulations and other methods simply cannot compete with experience on a living being. For example, the United States Army formerly shot goats to train physician responses to gunshot wounds (Cole ... ... Rights and Wrongs.† Taking Sides: Psychological Issues. Gilford: Dushkin Publishing Group, 2011. Lane, Stuart. â€Å"Banning Animal Testing May Be Hazardous to Your Health.† Priorities Spring 2013: 23. Loeb, Jerod M. â€Å"Human vs. Animal Rights: In Defense of Animal Research.† Taking Sides: Science, Technology, and Society. Gilford: Dushkin Publishing Group, 2011 Oà ­ Connor, Karen. Sharing the Kingdom. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Lmt, 1984. Regan, Tom. â€Å"Ill-Gotten Gains.† Taking Sides: Bioethical Issues. Gilford: Dushkin Publishing Group, 2009. Rohr, Janelle. Animal Rights: Opposing Viewpoints. NP: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Weaner, Dave. Personal Interview. 22 March, 2014 Whistler, Ann. Personal Interview. 24 March, 2014 Zak, Steven. â€Å"Ethics and Animals.† Taking Sides: Science, Technology, and Society. Gilford: Dushkin Publishing Group, 2007